Tribes in Northeast India
GRAPHIC separatist movement of , Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, six states and the so-called , accounting for 8% of the total area of India; a population of 37.41 million, accounting for 3% of the total population of India. The region is mainly inhabited by Indian tribes, regions, listed approximately 200 tribes.
from India since independence, the region some of the major tribes in order to obtain autonomy from the national political center (the establishment of a separate state or an independent nation) and has taken various forms of struggle, including the political struggle, armed rebellion and even terrorist activities. The tribal conflicts and separatist movements, religious conflicts are intertwined, as long plagued India's internal security as a respond to separatist movements, and have achieved some results, some of the main separatist groups agreed within the framework of the Indian federal system to seek proper solution through political negotiations, but there is still a small number of extremist groups persist in violent struggle. can be said that the separation in Northeast India movement lasted longer and the development and evolution of the complex is rare in Third World countries, its comprehensive and objective study of great practical significance.
an Indian tribal separatist movements in Northeast China's Past and Present
separatist movements in Northeast India are some of the main body of the indigenous tribes. in the area, the local tribal population accounts for 30% of the total population, in addition to Assam and Tripura, while the rest of the state's tribal population of more than their respective state for 60% of the total population. the main tribes in Northeast India have that added (Naga), Mizo people (Mizo), library-based people (Kukis), Metairie man (Meeteis), Hakata (Bodo), etc. Most of them belong to the Mongoloid race, their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, their religious beliefs in order to mainly Christian and animistic beliefs.
in Northeast India first began in the separatist movement is Naga people. early period of British colonial rule, They called for the establishment of autonomy requires the establishment of their own country, as they actively supported the British in the war reward. it had added 14 August 1947 declared Council, referred to as the Rifles (Assam Riffles, the Indian Army under the leadership of paramilitary forces, headquarters in Shillong, the then capital of Assam, the main duty is to guard India, India-Burma border and to ensure social stability in the Northeast) stationed in the Naga Mountains to arrest the Naga National Council of the main leaders of .1956 on March 22, Naga National Council leaders fees Junior (Phizo) established that Canadian federal government and the Naga Federal Army, officially began the armed rebellion. In the same year in April, the Indian army quickly quell the rebellion, forced to flee the British rank and file charges. With the establishment of Nagaland in 1963 and 1975 80 forces in the 20th century, has formed a new underground organization in two, Kaplan (Khaplang) led NSCN (K) and Isaac (Isak Swu), Muwei A (Muivah) leadership NSCN (IM) has become the protagonist of the insurgency. In 1997 and 2001 in India Government's strong blow, the two main rebel groups were signed ceasefire agreement with the Government of India for political solution to the problem of Nagaland to create the conditions. The subsequent rounds of negotiations have not made much of a breakthrough, especially in the Lan, long separatist movement could eventually satisfactorily resolved, there is a big variable.
Mizo Mizo people live in the mountain area, the Mizo Christian tribal people of the total population of 87%. Congress has promised an independent After allowing it out of Assam, the implementation of autonomy, but not fulfilled. because of religious differences and political and economic rights of unreasonable distribution, Mizo people tend to gradually increase the centrifugal .1959 years of famine and disaster relief Assam Government separatist rebellion became poor led The purpose is to Mizo mountains separated from the Indian Federation. the Indian government sent troops to stabilize the situation quickly, and then gradually resolve the conflict through political means. In 1986, leaders of political parties Laerdengjia won the parliamentary elections in the state, marking the In 1987 political stability region in February, the Indian government formally approved the establishment of Mizoram, and grant 30 million U.S. dollars as a a state, but also the Indian government to solve a successful example of the separatist insurgency.
India's northeast Assam is the largest and most populous state, is India's gateway to the Northeast China must pass through. The Arab states Sam is not satisfied with the Government's policy on immigration, established in 1979, Organization and the Central Government of India signed the State the main requirements of tribal people out of Bo's rule in Assam, Rakhine State to seek independent, to ensure the territory of more than Bo, cultural and linguistic rights. Founded in 1988, the Bodoland, referred to as is radical, it requires the establishment of an independent Bodo Accord), the Government agreed to establish Boduolande autonomy Committee (Bodoland Autonomous Council, referred to as Mubang a with the Indian government reached a ceasefire agreement.
Manipur's main separatist militants have Metairie were combined to establish an independent state, the armed groups in the 20th century and the mid-90s were hit by the Indian government has been weakened; the state's library-based people in order to seek to establish 1987, formed a ) training.
the separatist movement in Tripura after 1988 has been quiet, but then there were two separate organizations, the extreme: ; All Tripura Tribal Tiger Army Laya Bang .
tribes in Northeast India is the pursuit of separatist rebel general to seek an independent state or a right of regional autonomy, this insurgency and tribal conflicts often, religious conflicts, territorial disputes are intertwined, adding to the political situation in India's volatile northeast, caused a large number of casualties and property losses. into the 21st century, India's northeast region's main separatist insurgency has subsided, the political negotiations are conducted in an orderly. long-term turmoil, the public mind set, the Indian central government continues to pursue its unique region and the mainland of India National Integration of the History is a The Kingdom by the British colonists in 1826 until the merger in addition independent of the Government of India. �� English colonists into the area, the implementation of Line Regulation), the tribes of the region, self-management in the territories; For outsiders, the British colonial authorities asking them to obtain of religion from the colonial hindered communication between the various religions of India. This, like other parts of India, the Northeast region also a strong feeling of fear and exclusion.
during the First World War, the British colonists recruited a large number of Naga and Mizo people as laborers; World War II, Japanese fascists invaded the area, it joined the British war against Japan Collaborative . the war in the region baptism catalytic consciousness of national independence. They successfully established by the Pakistan Muslim encouraged the rapid expansion of awareness of national independence.
(b) the closed location in Northeast India and complexity of a separatist movement production, an important factor in the development of Northeast India
geographical links with the mainland is not very close, sandwiched between a Bangladesh, only 21 km wide Siliguri Corridor (Siliguri Corridor) is connected. geographically isolated congenital, resulting in land transport links between the frontier and is not close, it is India's northeast states have a This provides a broad rebels space. In addition, northeast India and Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China border, the rebels often used as a training base for neighboring countries to escape anti-Indian government to engage in cross-border criminal activities. For example, ULFA has training camps in Bhutan, NSCN are mainly in Myanmar, Bangladesh, the active base.
(c) The failure of India at all levels of government policies exacerbated the development of
1947 conflict after independence, successive governments in India adhere to the main ethnic conflicts and the profound hostility. Some scholars have pointed out: history of the formation of barriers and resolve conflicts is not only ineffective, but continue to accumulate and eventually burst out of the way to the extreme. As for the Indian federal system and the democratic system works on the defects, the author discussed in detail below.
northeast India Regional states, the regime is not taking the initiative to take measures to promote the jurisdiction to internal ethnic and religious harmony between the development. As the states population structure, economic structure, changes in political structure, the original factors of disharmony there is rapidly intensifying, confined to partisan state governments and other reasons, it is difficult in a timely manner (or unwilling) to make a deal. rebel armed forces to a certain extent the development of the local government authority and legitimacy would be seriously undermined (and even crash). on the local general public, the split could become a direct threat or armed to protect their sole authority, echoing the rebels in order to as: fragile, unbalanced distribution of political rights and ruling led directly to the low level of conflict outbreak. This is the Naga and Mizo people who rebel insurgency has been fully reflected. Assam government abuse of force, inadequate relief, language improper policy conflicts erupted into a fuse.
(d) imbalance of economic development in India is a centrifugal tendency of the a common problem, India is no exception. the whole of India's economic development is from southwest to northeast showed a decreasing trend, the overall level of development of northeastern region of India to lag behind other regions. In 1947, before the Great Assam (Northeast Region collectively) the average per capita income level higher than India, is now far behind in Northeast China. �� mode of production in Northeast India still remains in the settlement before the invention of agriculture and the wheel plow tillage system, the low level of industrialization, the secondary industry GDP across the region accounts for only 11% of -16%. northeastern region of India is very rich in natural resources, but due to financial, transportation constraints and human neglect, have not been effectively developed a long time. In addition, Indian long-term implementation of the inward-looking the land resources, and does not really help them develop the economy, employment, young people have nowhere more likely to be separatist agitation. this economy is on the .
evolution in the long history, unique location in Northeast India and the various tribal social structure created a unique social psychological and tribal identity, which is the sense of separatism does not eliminate the root causes of long-term. As Professor Shi said: ethnic nationalism (ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnic nationalism) is a and emotion, is a kind finds, history, culture, tradition and religion closely linked to non-material factors of highly complex things. the Indian government in promoting tribal identity into the process of national identity anxious to ignore the interests of tribal demands, making sense of the accumulation of isolated tribes and amplification, which gave birth to the long-running separatist movement.
Third, the Indian government's measures and its practical problem
(a) the basic concept has never been to fight against the Government of India
separatist movement as the civil war, successive Indian governments have regarded the focus on know that the possibility of establishing a multi-ethnic harmony in the reunification of the country is an important prerequisite for India can Revival .20 century, 60 years, Nehru intention Beirut government forces against the Naga insurgency issue instructions: Naga people are our compatriots, we only able to win their support rather than simply suppressed. the Indian Government is well aware that solve the fundamental method of separatist insurgency is not simply the use of force, the army's role is limited to restore order and force the rebels to the negotiating table; and military The victory matched the government should take economic, political, social, cultural and other measures to win hearts and minds, and establish government authority and enhance its legitimacy. This idea has obvious Indian features, objectively speaking is in line with India's national conditions. However, because of the large narrow nationalist ideology, partisan conflict and immature ability and other factors, these specific measures in the implementation process also exposed some problems.
(b) of the concrete practice of the Government of India policy
The specific practical strategies to include the following aspects:
1. military: limited and selective use of force. When the Indian government strictly limited the use of military force, weapons, actions and targets. India in the fight against Northeast tribal separatist armed rebellion, generally do not use planes, tanks, heavy artillery, heavy machine guns and other heavy weapons. As for the size of the army, in order to effectively deal with rebels, and targets generally follow two principles: to ensure the effective mobility in action, to ensure adequate deterrence; strict distinction between targets, the main camps and arsenals against rebel forces, annihilate the rebels, civilians and civilian targets there are strict injunction to prevent the troops retaliated killing of innocents. The government of India to limit military strikes against rebel forces mainly for the following considerations: military action only in order to achieve order and stability, forcing the rebels to negotiate; Indian troops deployed in the center of gravity in the west, long-term inability to take in the northeast region of mass action; Northeast region's complex geography limits the objective of large-scale military operations; fear will trigger a large-scale armed suppression of the international criticism of its on: In the federal system established within the framework of the state language, to give full autonomy of the major clans; to play a mediating function of the system of parliamentary democracy, enhance state-level political legitimacy and political authority. Due to the unique historical, geographical and cultural backgrounds, India adopted by the national organization is of a strong concentration federalism. taking into account the complex situation in Northeast China, the Indian government also agreed to be flexible, complete and unified in the maintenance of India established under the premise of the state language. According to this principle, from the A Samu Bang has carved out of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram. The establishment of the state language of ethnic separatist movement in India to solve an original, to a certain extent, ease the central government and the rebel tribal tensions between the relations. India's parliamentary democracy, compared with most Third World countries, seems more mature and stable. taking into account India's multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-language, the social reality of the coexistence of a variety of names, which sound even more valuable. Some scholars pointed out: the federal system for India and the multi-party political system, to a certain extent, the various ethnic, religious, caste groups in their interest representation, the parliamentary mediation, buffer them an important place for conflicts of interest with each other. Government of India and academics in general the system of parliamentary democracy as a response to extreme separatist forces of years, is an important strategy for the Government of India. This policy succeeded in Mizoram, the rebel leader Laerdengjia through legitimate elections to become the first state in the state longer.
3. the economy: a large number of blood transfusion, through the development of the economy to win popular support for the realization of political stability in Northeast India to create the conditions. backwardness of economic development have a standard of living, in the last ten years, the Indian government policy support, financial assistance, technical assistance and so on down the great efforts. India's National Development Council (NDC) on the transfer of funds to the northeast regions in the Northeast each year financial assistance 30% of the national total. Only the 1999-2000 fiscal year, the Indian government for the development of the Northeast region 2.877 billion U.S. dollars invested. In general, the general state of development funds received from the central 70% of the loans, 30% for the gift section. Northeast region due to its . the Indian government has also introduced in 1996, crore; December 2004, Manmohan. Prime Minister Singh visited India in the northeast region, announced a 24 billion rupees to the state of Assam for the post-flood infrastructure rehabilitation, providing 27.7 billion rupees to Manipur development assistance.
4. culture: increasing investment in education and improve the cultural level of tribal people to develop awareness and habits of democratic participation. Indian tribal governments to improve public education, strengthening the nation's national consciousness, taken to support of tribal cultural and educational policy tilt. For example, higher education must be listed tribes retain a certain percentage of students enrollment, satellite-based distance education system to promote and increase education funding and so on. These positive effects are obvious. in Nagaland, for example, the state in 1947 only one national high school, now has a university (Nagaland University), hundreds of thousands of secondary schools and primary schools. According to Indian official statistics, the literacy rate in Northeast India generally higher than the national average (52.21%), Mizoram and Nagaland where the literacy rate was 82.27%, 61.65%.
5. diplomatically: the strengthening of international cooperation in combating cross-border armed rebellion. To strengthening cooperation with neighboring countries to jointly combat cross-border activities of armed rebellion, the Indian government to adjust the surrounding foreign policy, and achieved some results. separation of India and Myanmar in the fight against ethnic armed rebel movement and has a close cooperation, which is India From 1993 to promote the adjustment of Burma after the policy initiative is an important reason. the Indian government has been able to since the 70s in the 20th century, Nagaland and Mizoram in the separation of armed force to achieve a cease-fire, surrender and disarmament, a very important The reason is that they destroyed the base in East Pakistan and Burma cut off their access to the channel. Nepal and Bhutan for their own safety, but also strengthened the sense of cooperation with India. But relations between neighboring countries in dealing with India its inherent power ideology is still haunted by the so-called Government of India in the use of force against rebel forces there, a big question is not complete and lack of continuity, the insurgency in Northeast often related to the preparation and command systems. India's regular army by the central command, with a strong field capacity, but strangers in a strange, bad traffic conditions in Northeast China, which intelligence gathering and logistical support in the face insurmountable difficulties, unable to implement the long-term combat missions. local police armed Although familiar with local conditions, but its combat capability is weak. In addition, the Indian army's command structure disadvantages, in order to avoid local government grow in strength, India's main paramilitary forces are directly under the Central command, the local government has no right to send them. This system in dealing with large loss of life. on the rebels ambushed government troops were often seen in Indian newspapers reported. According to statistics, is also a fight against rebels, government forces casualties in Nagaland far more than Kashmir. In this case, army abuse of force, human rights violations have occurred, these actions will undoubtedly exacerbate the centrifugal tendencies tribal people. In short, I believe that separation in the fight against armed rebellion, we must follow two basic principles: effective and not a nuisance. < br> The problem is a political solution to ethnic separation of the consensus of governments. the Indian government has taken some measures to comply with its national conditions, objectively speaking, this line of thinking and its effects are positive, but at the same time, there are some inadequacies. First language is the starting point of state policy as the tribal identity and privileges granted to the tribes autonomy of reason, this easy to encourage other tribal localism, and as a central goal of the rebel. such as the Bo people of Assam are also required Independent Rakhine State, this This is to seek regional autonomy and the separation of tribal self-government organizations, the goal is clearly intolerable. For example, Indira. Gandhi period, because the Congress Party to implement the measures to promote national integration, the result is caused by separation of the insurgency in Northeast generally high. local and central government to increase the game chips, often sympathetic to rebel forces and even secretly collude to gain more executive power and aid. Again, India's democratic system is defective in operation. VN Sharma, former Indian Army Chief of Staff pointed out: about voters and violence. ; people native social and economic organization mm family, clan, tribe, village, religion, social class mm loyalty and memory in the wider political system has the loyalty of the public authority is different, the former with the latter competition, and the latter often win. 24. To help get the state Congress government, Indira. Gandhi visit Kohima (Nagaland capital) for the eight neutral person. This behavior caused a great dissatisfaction with the local moderate political parties, they are anti- religious and tribal conflicts over the use of to achieve their own ends. More seriously, some states also use the local political parties to combat rebel forces political opponents, this sex.
, of course, India's federal structure and democratic politics in the operation in Northeast China largely successful, these problems are mainly institutional solution to the problem and use enough in Northeast India has its own political ecology due to immaturity. As Professor Lin Chengjie said: remedy the error being. operation, the local political system in chaos and a few local officials of corruption, misappropriation of aid funds, the general public is difficult to obtain practical benefits, the distribution of aid, but improper use of the local intensification of the conflict. First, the central government funding is portion (38% -63%) for administrative expenses, so that really put the funds into economic development is greatly reduced. Second, the high proportion of administrative expenses as a potential reason is that the local government of the few top forces, separatist forces disintegrating consider weak supervision of this corruption. Third, the rebel vigorously through various illegal channels cash in state funds, but to make rebellion into a profitable Fourth, the Indian central government ignored the local massive unemployment ...
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